कम्प्यूटर का सामान्य परिचय

      कम्प्यूटर–  Computer एक मशीन है जो की हर व्यक्ति के जीवन में लगभग प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में किसी ना किसी रूप में प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष तरीके से उपयोग में ली जा रही है।

कम्प्यूटर एक ऐसी Electronic Device है जिसमें निम्नलिखित क्षमताएँ होती है-

Computer की कार्य प्रणाली –

- INPUT – Computer को दिया गया डेटा इनपुट कहलाता  (इनपुट) है।
- Process – Computer पर Data को CPU के द्वारा गणना (प्रोसेस) करना, प्रक्रिया करना कहलाता है।
- Output –  Computer के द्वारा प्राप्त परिणाम आउटपुट (आउटपुट) कहलाते हैं।

Storage(संग्रहण) – डेटा, निर्देश व परिणामों को संगृहीतकरना।

Characteristics of Computer :-
(कम्प्यूटर की विशेषताएँ)

Limitations (कमियाँ) :-

 कम्प्यूटर का इतिहास History of Computer :-

Year

Computing Device and Inventor

Description

3000 BC

Abacus

Developed in China used as a counting device and later on for mathematical calculations

1620 AD

Slide Rule

Normally used for engineering calculations.

1642

Pascal's Calculation Machine

(Blaise Pascal - mathematician)

A device with eight counter wheels linked by ratchets for carryover. It was made for tedious mathematical French calculations. It was not very successful due to difficult operation and very high cost.

1835

(1832-37)

Babbage's Analytical Engine

(Charles Babbage - Professor of mathematics at Cambridge)

Today's computer organisation corresponds very closely to analytical engine.

1842

First Computer Programmer

(Lady Augusta Ada Byron)

She translated a paper on Babbage's Analytical Engine describing steps to follow for using it. A programming language, ADA, is named after her.

1854

Boolean Logic (Algebra)

(George Boole - British mathematician)

Published the principle of Boolean logic, based on variables the value of which can be either 'True or False'. It was an important development in the field of computers as it became easy to build reliable electronic circuits representing binary digits -1 for ON and 0 for OFF.

1884

(1884-89)

Punched Card Tabulating Machine

(Hermon Hollerith - Instructor at MIT)

It was used for the US census of 1880. The work of approximately eight years was performed by this machine in three years.

1944

Howard Mark-1 (Howard A. Aiken, Harvard University USA)

It was the first successful general purpose digital computer.

1946

 

Concept of Programme vs Data

(Dr. John Von Newman of Philadelphia USA)

He gave the design principle of digital computers suggesting the concept of stored programmes to make computers fully automatic.

1946

(1942-46)

ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator) John W Mauchely & J Presper Eckert at USA.

A full fledged electronic computer.

1951

UNIVAC-1 developed by Eckert and Mauchley

It was developed for commercial data processing. It was used by Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) for forecasting the USA presidential election result in 1952.

Generation of Computers कम्प्यूटर की पीढ़ियाँ
I Gen   –          1942 – 1956
II Gen  –          1956 – 1965
III Gen –          1965 – 1975
IV Gen –          1975 – 1989
V  Gen –         1989 - वर्तमान

I. Generation (प्रथम पीढ़ी) – (1942-1956)

कम्प्यूटर की प्रथम पीढ़ी में मुख्य रूप से processing करने के लिए वेक्यूम टयूब का प्रयोग किया जाता था।

उदाहरण –
ENIAC
UNIVAC

II. Generation (द्वितीय पीढ़ी) – (1956-1965)

 

 

III. Generation (तृतीय पीढ़ी) – (1965-1975)

 

IV. Generation (चतुर्थ पीढ़ी) – (1975-1989)

 

V.   Generation (पंचम पीढ़ी) – (1989-वर्तमान)

 

उदाहरण –
IBM Notebook
 i 3, i 7, i 9
 Pentium PC
PARAM 10000 etc.